Lieb–Robinson Bounds for the Toda Lattice

We establish locality estimates, known as Lieb–Robinson bounds, for the Toda lattice. In contrast to harmonic models, the Lieb–Robinson velocity for these systems do depend on the initial condition. Our results also apply to the entire Toda as well as the Kac-van Moerbeke hierarchy. Under suitable assumptions, our methods also yield a finite velocity for certain perturbations of these systems.     

Elemental analysis of fertilizer using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

In recent years, the use of fertilizers has increased to achieve high growth rate of agriculture products. With this increase the chemical impact of agricultural activities on the environment has also been enhanced. In order to keep the environment healthy, and clean, it is necessary to identify contaminants and characterize the sources of contamination. In this study, a comprehensive chemical characterization of a DAP fertilizer has been carried out using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Phosphorous, manganese, magnesium, iron, titanium, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, chromium, lead, and uranium traces are detected. Relative abundances of Phosphorous, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, iron, titanium, nickel, vanadium, calcium, cobalt, cadmium, tin are 26.64, 17.75, 13 97, 8.25, 7.97, 7.11, 5.07, 3.15, 2.94, 1.94, 1,55, 1.73 percent, respectively, whereas relative abundances of sulfur, aluminum, chromium, lead, and uranium are less than 1% and their sum is 1.93% of the total sample.     

Determination of trace elements in some Nigerian vegetable based oils by neutron activation analysis

The concentrations of some essential micronutrient elements leadingto short-lived activation products in four Nigerian vegetable based oils (palmoil, palm kernel oil, sheabutter and groundnut oil) have been determined byneutron activation analysis using a small research reactor. One sample ofeach material was analysed and presented as an introduction for further investigations.Results indicate that the concentration range of the elements are 19.4–44.0µg/g for Al; 30.0–81.0 µg/g for Ca; 11.9–60.4 µg/gfor Cl; 1.43–5.96 µg/g for Cu; 7.3–28.1 µg/g for Mg;0.47–1.69 µg/g for Mn; 17.5–72.8 µg/g for Na and 0.04–0.07µg/g for V. The experimental procedure is suitable for routine determinationof micronutrient element in foods for control and monitoring purposes.     

Measurement of the Bulk Modulus of a Liquid Using a Pump–Probe Laser Technique

We describe an undergraduate laboratory experiment that uses a time-resolved laser technique. Using pump-probe in a novel way, students determined the bulk modulus of a liquid. Employing the fourth harmonic from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser, an elastic wave is generated in an aqueous solution of N-acetyltryptophan, and the wave propagation is probed by a He-Ne laser. This experiment serves as a rare example of how a bulk property of a condensed phase can be measured using time-resolved optical measurements having relevance to undergraduate physical chemistry or material science laboratory.     

A Note on Finite Metabelian Groups of Wielandt Length Two

The class of groups of Wielandt length one has been extensively studied and recently the class of groups of Wielandt length two has been studied, in particular nilpotent groups of odd order by E.A. Ormerod and supersoluble groups of order prime to six by A. Ali. In this paper we consider metabelian groups of odd order and provide characterizations for those groups with nilpotent residual either a Hall subgroup or of prime power order.     

Al2O3-47 nm and Al2O3-36 nm characterizations of nonlinear differential equations for biomedical applications: Magnetized peristaltic transport

Current research models the Al₂O₃ 47nm and Al₂O₃ 36nm nanoparticles transportation through peristalsis with entropy optimization. Conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy are used to model the present flow situation. These equations elaborates the magnetohydrodynamics, Hall, thermal radiation, Joule heating, heat generation and absorption. Convective heat transfer impacts are studied at channel walls. Entropy is modeled in view of thermodynamics second law. Two different expressions for effective viscosity are accounted. Simplification of the modeled equations is done through lubrication assumptions. Solution for momentum equation is obtained analytically and for numerically for temperature equation. Built-in shooting procedure is utilized to obtain the desired numerical results. Later on these obtained results are used to sketch and discussed the flow quantities of interest for the influential parameters accounted in the problem.     

New cocrystals of heterocyclic drugs: structural,antileishmanial, larvicidal and urease inhibition studies

Many heterocycles have been developed as drugs due to their capacity to interact productively with biological systems. The present study aimed to synthesize cocrystals of the heterocyclic antitubercular agent pyrazinamide ( PYZ , 1 , BCS III) and the commercially available anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine ( CBZ , 2 , BCS class II) to study the effect of cocrystallization on the stability and biological activities of these drugs. Two new cocrystals, namely, pyrazinamide–homophthalic acid (1/1) ( PYZ:HMA , 3 ) and carbamazepine–5-chlorosalicylic acid (1/1) ( CBZ:5-SA , 4 ), were synthesized. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction-based structure of carbamazepine–trans-cinnamic acid (1/1) ( CBZ:TCA , 5 ) was also studied for the first time, along with the known cocrystal carbamazepine–nicotinamide (1/1) ( CBZ:NA , 6 ). From a combination drug perspective, these are interesting pharmaceutical cocrystals to overcome the known side effects of PYZ ( 1 ) therapy, and the poor biopharmaceutical properties of CBZ ( 2 ). The purity and homogeneity of all the synthesized cocrystals were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and FT–IR analysis, followed by thermal stability studies based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Detailed intermolecular interactions and the role of hydrogen bonding towards crystal stability were evaluated quantitatively via Hirshfeld surface analysis. The solubility of CBZ at pH 6.8 and 7.4 in 0.1 N HCl and H₂O were compared with the values of cocrystal CBZ:5-SA ( 4 ). The solubility of CBZ:5-SA was found to be significantly improved at pH 6.8 and 7.4 in H₂O. All the synthesized cocrystals 3 – 6 exhibited a potent urease inhibition (IC₅₀ values range from 17.32 ± 0.89 to 12.3 ± 0.8 µM), several times more potent than standard acetohydroxamic acid (IC₅₀ = 20.34 ± 0.43 µM). PYZ:HMA ( 3 ) also exhibited potent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Among the synthesized cocrystals, PYZ:HMA ( 3 ) and CBZ:TCA ( 5 ) were found to possess antileishmanial activity against the miltefosine-induced resistant strain of Leishmania major, with IC₅₀ values of 111.98 ± 0.99 and 111.90 ± 1.44 µM, respectively, in comparison with miltefosine (IC₅₀ = 169.55 ± 0.20 µM).     

A Personnel Selection Problem in Healthcare System Using Fuzzy-TOPSIS Approach

The methods of multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) are increasingly becoming the most desired tools for making daily decisions in various fields of human endeavors. Staff employment in any sector requires a thorough evaluation of the applicant before selection to ensure effective and efficient service delivery. Besides, healthcare is one of the most complicated organizations dealing with human lives. This paper has developed a staff selection model considering a fuzzy environment by using the technique for order preference similar to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. For the delivery and promotion of quality healthcare systems, medical staff selection is crucial to the system. Therefore, the study evaluates medical staff by using the expert''s linguistic judgement under the criteria of skill, experience and ability to respond to a problem. The expert''s vagueness in judgments has been represented by using fuzzy triangular numbers. The study determines the closeness coefficient, the measures of separation and the ideal solutions of the TOPSIS method. The most appropriate medical staff are ranked and selected based on the available criteria. The Fuzzy-TOPSIS method is simple and can help other organizations achieve proper ranking, evaluation and selection of qualified candidates, as it takes imprecise information into account.